Henry: Cancer Management in Small Animal Practice

Chapter 23: Tumors of the Skin, Subcutis, and Other Soft Tissues

References

Section A: Skin Tumors

  1. Brodey RS: Canine and feline neoplasia, Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 14:309, 1970. Medline abstracts

  2. Bostock DE: Neoplasms of the skin and subcutaneous tissues in dogs and cats, Br Vet J 142:1, 1986. Medline abstracts

  3. Dorn CR: Epidemiology of canine and feline tumors, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2(3):294, 1976.
  4. Miller MA, Nelson SL, Turk JR, et al: Cutaneous neoplasia in 340 cats, Vet Pathol 28(5):389, 1991. Medline abstracts

  5. Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS: Introduction. In Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS (eds): Skin tumors of the dog and cat, ed 1. Tarrytown, NY, 1992, Pergamon Press, pp 1-10.
  6. Reimer SB, Séguin B, DeCock HE, et al: Evaluation of the effect of routine histologic processing on the size of skin samples obtained from dogs, Am J Vet Res 66:500, 2005. Medline abstracts

  7. Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4. Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, pp 47-50.
  8. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al: Epidermal tumors. In Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ et al (eds): Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, ed 2. Oxford, 2005, Blackwell Science, pp 567-570.
  9. Shimada A, Shinya K, Awakura T, et al: Cutaneous papillomatosis associated with papillomavirus infection in a dog, J Comp Pathol 108(1):103, 1993. Medline abstracts

  10. Henry CJ, Brewer WG, Whitley EM, et al: Canine digital tumors: a veterinary cooperative oncology group retrospective study of 64 dogs, J Vet Intern Med 19:720, 2005. Medline abstracts

  11. Marino DJ, Matthiesen DT, Stefanacci JD, et al: Evaluation of dogs with digit masses: 117 cases (1981-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207(6):726, 1995. Medline abstracts

  12. Dorn CR, Taylor DO, Schneider R: Sunlight exposure and risk of developing cutaneous and oral squamous cell carcinomas in white cats, J Natl Cancer Inst 46:1073, 1971. Medline abstracts

  13. Theon AP, Madewell BR, Shearn VI, et al: Prognostic factors associated with radiotherapy of squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal plane in cats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 206(7):991, 1995. Medline abstracts

  14. Nikula KJ, Benjamin SA, Angleton GM, et al: Ultraviolet radiation, solar dermatoses, and cutaneous neoplasia in Beagle dogs, Radiat Res 129(1):11, 1992. Medline abstracts

  15. Lana SE, Ogilvie GK, Withrow SJ, et al: Feline cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum and the pinnae (61 cases), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:329, 1997. Medline abstracts

  16. Callan MB, Preziosi D, Mauldin E: Multiple papillomavirus-associated epidermal hamartomas and squamous cell carcinomas in situ in a dog following chronic treatment with prednisone and cyclosporine, Vet Dermatol 16:338, 2005. Medline abstracts

  17. Zaugg N, Nespeca G, Hauser B, et al: Detection of novel papillomaviruses in canine mucosal, cutaneous, and in situ squamous cell carcinomas, Vet Derm 16:290, 2005. Medline abstracts
  18. Munday JS, Kuipel M, French AF, et al. Detection of papilloma viral sequences in feline Bowenoid in situ carcinoma using consensus primers, Vet Dermatol 18(4):241, 2007. Medline abstracts
  19. Nespeca G, Grest P, Rosenkrantz WS, et al: Detection of novel papillomavirus like sequences in paraffin-embedded specimens of invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinoma from cats, Am J Vet Res 67(12):2036, 2006. Medline abstracts

  20. Paradis M, Scott DW, Breton L: Squamous cell carcinoma of the nail bed in three related giant schnauzers, Vet Rec 125:322, 1989. Medline abstracts

  21. O’Rourke M: Multiple digital squamous cell carcinomas in 2 dogs, Mod Vet Pract 66:644, 1985.
  22. Baer KE, Helton K: Multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ resembling Bowen’s disease in cats, Vet Pathol 30:535, 1993. Medline abstracts

  23. Gottfried SD, Popovitch CA, Goldschmidt MH, et al: Metastatic digital carcinoma in the cat: a retrospective study of 36 cats, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:501, 2000. Medline abstracts

  24. Bruner SR: Updates in therapeutics for veterinary dermatology, Vet Clin Small Anim 36:39, 2006. Medline abstracts
  25. Boord M: Laser in dermatology, Clin Tech Small Anim Pract 21(3):145, 2006. Medline abstracts

  26. Marks SL, Song MD, Stannard AA, et al: Clinical evaluation of etretinate for the treatment of canine solar-induced squamous cell carcinoma and preneoplastic lesions, J Am Acad Dermatol 27:11, 1992. Medline abstracts

  27. Hammond GM, Gordon IK, Theon AP, et al: Evaluation of strontium Sr 90 for the treatment of superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum in cats: 49 cases (1990-2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc 231(5):736, 2007. Medline abstracts
  28. Goodfellow M, Hayes A, Murphy S, et al: A retrospective study of 90Strontium plesiotherapy for feline squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal planum, J Feline Med Surg 8(3):169, 2006. Medline abstracts

  29. Theon AP, VanVechten MK, Madewell BR: Intratumoral administration of carboplatin for treatment of squamous cell carcinomas of the nasal plane in cats, Am J Vet Res 57(2):205, 1996. Medline abstracts

  30. Bexfield NH, Stell AJ, Gear RN, et al. Photodynamic therapy of superficial nasal planum squamous cell carcinomas in cats: 55 cases, J Vet Int Med 22(6):1385, 2008. Medline abstracts
  31. Peaston AE, Leach MW, Higgins RJ: Photodynamic therapy for nasal and aural squamous cell carcinoma in cats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202(8):1261, 1993. Medline abstracts

  32. Beam SL, Rassnick KM, Moore AS, et al: An immunohistochemical study of cyclooxygenase-2 expression in various feline neoplasms, Vet Pathol 40(5):496, 2003. Medline abstracts

  33. Gill VL, Bergman PJ, Baer KE, et al: Use of imiquimod 5% cream (Aldara™) in cats with multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ: 12 cases (2002-2005), Vet Compend Oncol 6:55, 2008. Medline abstracts
  34. Turrel JM, Gross TL: Multicentric squamous cell carcinoma in situ (Bowen’s disease) of cats, Proc Vet Cancer Society 12th Annual Conf 84, 1991(abstract).
  35. Scott DW, Anderson WI: Canine hair follicle neoplasms: a retrospective analysis of 80 cases (1986-1987), Vet Dermatol 2(3):143, 1991.
  36. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al: Follicular tumors. In Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al (eds): Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, ed 2. Oxford, 2005, Blackwell Science, pp 625-634.
  37. Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4. Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, pp 46, 58-60.
  38. Abramo F, Pratesi F, Cantile C, et al: Survey of canine and feline follicular tumours and tumour-like lesions in central Italy, J Small Anim Pract 40(10):479, 1999. Medline abstracts

  39. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al: Follicular tumors. In Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al (eds): Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, ed 2. Oxford, 2005, Blackwell Science, pp 604-640.
  40. Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4. Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, pp 55-63.
  41. White SD, Rosychuk RA, Scott KV, et al: Use of isotretinoin and etretinate for the treatment of benign cutaneous neoplasia and cutaneous lymphoma in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 202:387, 1993. Medline abstracts

  42. Diters RW, Walsh KM: Feline basal cell tumors: a review of 124 cases, Vet Pathol 21(1):51, 1984. Medline abstracts

  43. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al: Epidermal tumors. In Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al (eds): Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, ed 2. Oxford, 2005, Blackwell Science, pp 589-596.
  44. Moore AS, Olilvie GK: Skin tumors. In Ogilvie GK, Moore AS: Feline oncology. Trenton, NJ, 2001, Veterinary Learning Systems, pp 400-402.
  45. Day DG, Couto CG, Weisbrode SE, et al: Basal cell carcinoma in 2 cats, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 30:265, 1994.
  46. Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4. Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, pp 64-65.
  47. Scott DW, Anderson WI: Feline sebaceous gland tumors: a retrospective analysis of nine cases, Feline Pract 19(2):16, 1991.
  48. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al: Follicular tumors. In Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ et al (eds): Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, ed 2. Oxford, 2005, Blackwell Science, pp 641-664.
  49. Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4. Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, pp 70-76.
  50. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al: Follicular tumors. In Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al (eds): Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, ed 2. Oxford, 2005, Blackwell Science Ltd, pp 666-687.
  51. Simko E, Wilcock BP, Yager JA: A retrospective study of 44 canine apocrine sweat gland adenocarcinomas, Can Vet J 44:38, 2003. Medline abstracts

  52. Kahaler KM, Anderson WI, Scott DW: Neoplasms of the apocrine sweat glands in 44 dogs and 10 cats, Vet Rec 127:400, 1990. Medline abstracts

  53. Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4. Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State Press, pp 78-83.
  54. Goldschmidt MH: Pigmented lesions of the skin, Clin Dermatol 12:507, 1994. Medline abstracts

  55. Arohnsohn MG, Carpenter JL: Distal extremity melanocytic nevi and malignant melanomas in dogs, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 579:567, 1979.
  56. Smith SH, Goldschmidt MH, McManus PM: A comparative review of melanocytic neoplasms, Vet Pathol 39:651, 2002. Medline abstracts

  57. Modiano JF, Ritt MG, Wojcieszyn J: The molecular basis of canine melanoma: pathogenesis and trends in diagnosis and therapy, J Vet Intern Med 13:163, 1999. Medline abstracts

  58. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE: Muller and Kirk’s small animal dermatology, ed 5. Philadelphia, 1995, WB Saunders.
  59. Schultheiss PC: Histologic features and clinical outcomes of melanomas of lip, haired skin, and nail bed location of dogs, J Vet Diagn Invest 18(4):422, 2006. Medline abstracts

  60. Koenig A, Wojcieszyn J, Weeks BR, et al: Expression of S100a, vimentin, NSE, and Melan A/MART-1 in seven canine melanoma cell lines and twenty-nine retrospective cases of canine melanoma, Vet Pathol 38:427, 2001. Medline abstracts
  61. Spangler WL, Kass PH: The histologic and epidemiologic bases for prognostic consideration sin canine melanocytic neoplasia, Vet Pathol 43:136, 2006. Medline abstracts

  62. Bostock DE: Prognosis after surgical excision of canine melanoma, Vet Pathol 16:32, 1979. Medline abstracts

  63. Luna LD, Higginbotham ML, Henry CJ, et al: Feline non-ocular melanoma: a retrospective study of 23 cases (1991-1999), J Fel Med and Surg 1:173, 2000. Medline abstracts
  64. van der Linde-Sipman JS, deWit MML, van Garderen E, et al: Cutaneous malignant melanomas in 57 cats: identification of (amelanotic) signet-ring and balloon cell types and verification of their origin by immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and in situ hybridization, Vet Pathol 34:31, 1997. Medline abstracts

  65. Rassnick KM, Ruslander DM, Cotter SM, et al: Use of carboplatin for treatment of dogs with malignant melanoma: 27 cases (1989-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 218(9):1444, 2001. Medline abstracts

  66. Bergman PJ, McKnight J, Novosad A, et al: Long-term survival of dogs with advanced malignant melanoma after DNA vaccination with xenogeneic human tyrosinase: a phase I trial, Clin Cancer Res 9:1284, 2003. Medline abstracts

  67. Dow SW, Elmslie RE, Willson AP, et al: In vivo tumor transfection with superantigen plus cytokine genes induces tumor regression and prolongs survival in dogs with malignant melanoma, J Clin Invest 101:2406, 1998. Medline abstracts

  68. Bergman JP, Camps-Palau MA, McKnight JA, et al: Development of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine program for canine malignant melanoma at the Animal Medical Center, Vaccine 24:4582, 2006. Medline abstracts

  69. Ward H, Fox LE, Calderwood-Mays MB, et al: Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in 25 dogs: a retrospective study, J Vet Intern Med 5:345, 1994. Medline abstracts
  70. Schultheiss PC: A retrospective study of visceral and nonvisceral hemangiosarcoma and hemangiomas in domestic animals, J Vet Diagn Invest 16(6):522, 2004. Medline abstracts

  71. Hargis AM, Ihike PJ, Spangler IW: A retrospective clinicopathologic study of 212 dogs with cutaneous hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas, Vet Pathol 29:316, 1992. Medline abstracts

  72. McAbee KP, Ludwig LL, Bergman PJ, et al: Feline cutaneous hemangiosarcoma: a retrospective study of 18 cases (1998-2003), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:110, 2005. Medline abstracts

  73. von Beust BR, Suter MM, Summers BA: Factor VIII-related antigen in canine endothelial neoplasms: an immunohistochemical study, Vet Pathol 25(4):251, 1998.
  74. Ferrer L, Fondevila D, Rabanal D: Immunohistochemical assessment of CD31 antigen in normal and neoplastic canine endothelial cells, J Comp Pathol 319, 1995. Medline abstracts
  75. Ogilvie GK, Powers BE, Mallinckrodt CH, et al: Surgery and doxorubicin in dogs with hemangiosarcoma, J Vet Intern Med 10(6):379, 1996. Medline abstracts

  76. Johannes CM, Henry CJ, Turnquist SE: Hemangiosarcoma in cats: 53 cases (1992-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:1851, 2007. Medline abstracts

  77. Bulakowski EJ, Philibert JC, Siegel S, et al: Evaluation of outcome associated with subcutaneous and intramuscular hemangiosarcoma treated with adjuvant doxorubicin in dogs: 21 cases (2001-06), J Am Vet Med Assoc 233(1):122, 2008. Medline abstracts

  78. Hillers KR, Lana SE, Fuller CR, et al: Effects of palliative radiation therapy for nonsplenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 43(4):187, 2007. Medline abstracts

  79. Hammer AS, Couto CG, Filippi J, et al: Efficacy and toxicity of VAC chemotherapy (vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) in dogs with hemangiosarcoma, J Vet Intern Med 5:160, 1991. Medline abstracts

  80. Sorenmo KU, Jeglum KA, Helfand SC: Chemotherapy of canine hemangiosarcoma with doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, J Vet Intern Med 7:370, 1993. Medline abstracts

  81. Lana S, U’ren L, Plaza S, et al: Continuous low-dose oral chemotherapy for adjuvant therapy of splenic hemangiosarcoma in dogs, J Vet Intern Med 21:764, 2007. Medline abstracts

  82. Vail DM, MacEwen EG, Kurzman ID, et al: Liposome-encapsulated muramyl tripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine adjuvant immunotherapy for splenic hemangiosarcoma in the dog: a randomized multi-institutional clinical trial, Clin Cancer Res 81:935, 1995.
  83. Clifford CA, Mackin AJ, Henry CJ: Treatment of canine hemangiosarcoma: 2000 and beyond, J Vet Intern Med 14:479, 2000. Medline abstracts

  84. Scavelli TD, Patnaik AK, Mehlhaff CJ, et al: Hemangiosarcoma in the cat: retrospective evaluation of 31 surgical cases, J Am Vet Med Assoc 187(8):817, 1985. Medline abstracts

  85. Kisseberth WC, Vail DM, Yaissle J, et al: Phase I clinical evaluation of carboplatin in tumor-bearing cats: a Veterinary Cooperative Oncology Group study, J Vet Intern Med 22(1):83, 2008. Medline abstracts

  86. Clark GN, Berg J, Engler SJ, et al: Extramedullary plasmacytomas in dogs: results of surgical excision in 131 cases, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:105, 1992.
  87. Rakich PM, Latimer KS, Weiss R, et al: Mucocutaneous plasmacytomas in dogs: 72 cases (1980-1987), J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:803, 1989. Medline abstracts
  88. Moore AS, Ogilvie GK: Skin tumors. In Ogilvie GK, Moore AS (eds): Feline oncology. Trenton, NJ, 2001, Veterinary Learning Systems, p 399.
  89. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al: Lymphocytic tumors. In Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ, et al (eds): Skin diseases of the dog and cat: clinical and histopathologic diagnosis, ed 2. Oxford, 2005, Blackwell Science, pp 866-872.
  90. Platz SJ, Breuer W, Pfleghaar S, et al: Prognostic value of histopathological grading in canine extramedullary plasmacytomas, Vet Pathol 36:23, 1999. Medline abstracts

  91. Affolter VK, Moore PF: Localized and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma of dendritic cell origin in dogs, Vet Pathol 39:74, 2002. Medline abstracts

  92. Affolter VK, Moore PF: Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis: reactive histiocytosis of dermal dendritic cells, Am J Dermatopathol 22(1):40, 2000. Medline abstracts

  93. Moore PF, Schrenzel MD, Affolter VK: Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is an epidermotropic Langerhans cell histiocytosis that expresses CD1 and specific beta 2-integrin molecules, Am J Pathol 148(5):1699, 1996. Medline abstracts

  94. Craig LE, Julian ME, Ferracone JD: The diagnosis and prognosis of synovial tumors in dogs: 35 cases, Vet Pathol 39:66, 2003.
  95. Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS: Canine cutaneous histiocytoma. In Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS (eds): Skin tumors of the dog and cat, ed 1. Tarrytown NY, 1992, Pergamon Press, pp 222-230.
  96. Nagata M, Hirata M, Ishida T, et al: Progressive Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in a puppy, Vet Dermatol 11:241, 2000.
  97. Thornton RM, Tisdall CJ: Multiple cutaneous histiocytosis in two dogs, N Z Vet J 36:192, 1998.

Section B: Nail Bed Tumors

  1. Vail DM, Withrow SJ: Tumors of the skin and subcutaneous tissues. In Withrow SJ, Vail DM (eds): Withrow and MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4. St Louis, 2007, Saunders/Elsevier, pp 375-401.
  2. O'Brien MG, Berg J, Engler SJ: Treatment by digital amputation of subungual squamous cell carcinoma in dogs: 21 cases (1987-1988), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:759, 1992. Medline abstracts
  3. Wobeser BK, Kidney BA, Powers BE, et al: Diagnoses and clinical outcomes associated with surgically amputated feline digits submitted to multiple veterinary diagnostic laboratories, Vet Pathol 44:362, 2007. Medline abstracts
  4. Marino DJ, Matthiesen DT, Stefanacci JD, Moroff SD: Evaluation of dogs with digit masses: 117 cases (1981-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 207:726, 1995. Medline abstracts
  5. Liptak JM, Dernell WS, Rizzo SA, Withrow SJ: Partial foot amputation in 11 dogs, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:47, 2005. Medline abstracts
  6. Wobeser BK, Kidney BA, Powers BE, et al: Diagnoses and clinical outcomes associated with surgically amputated canine digits submitted to multiple veterinary diagnostic laboratories, Vet Pathol 44:355, 2007. Medline abstracts
  7. Henry CJ, Brewer WG, Jr, Whitley EM, et al: Canine digital tumors: a veterinary cooperative oncology group retrospective study of 64 dogs, J Vet Intern Med 19:720, 2005. Medline abstracts
  8. Schultheiss PC: Histologic features and clinical outcomes of melanomas of lip, haired skin, and nail bed locations of dogs, J Vet Diagn Invest 18:422, 2006. Medline abstracts
  9. Aronsohn M, Carpenter J: Distal extremity melanocytic nevi and malignant melanomas in dogs, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:605, 1990.
  10. Moore AS, Ogilvie GK: Tumors of the respiratory tract. In Ogilvie GK, Moore AS (eds): Feline oncology. Trenton, NJ, 2001, Veterinary Learning Systems, pp 368-384.
  11. Gottfried SD, Popovitch CA, Goldschmidt MH, Schelling C: Metastatic digital carcinoma in the cat: a retrospective study of 36 cats (1992-1998), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:501, 2000. Medline abstracts
  12. van der Linde-Sipman JS, van den Ingh TS: Primary and metastatic carcinomas in the digits of cats, Vet Q 22:141, 2000. Medline abstracts
  13. Esson D, Fahrer CS, Zarfoss MK, Dubielzig RR: Suspected uveal metastasis of a nail bed melanoma in a dog, Vet Ophthalmol 10:262, 2007. Medline abstracts
  14. Spangler WL, Kass PH: The histologic and epidemiologic bases for prognostic considerations in canine melanocytic neoplasia, Vet Pathol 43:136, 2006. Medline abstracts
  15. Smith SH, Goldschmidt MH, McManus PM: A comparative review of melanocytic neoplasms, Vet Pathol 39:651, 2002. Medline abstracts
  16. Laprie C, Abadie J, Amardeilh M-F, et al: MIB-1 immunoreactivity correlates with biological behaviour in canine cutaneous melanoma, Vet Dermatol 12:139, 2001. Medline abstracts
  17. Bergman PJ, McKnight J, Novosad A, et al: Long-term survival of dogs with advanced malignant melanoma after DNA vaccination with xenogeneic human tyrosinase: a Phase I trial, Clin Cancer Res 9:1284, 2003. Medline abstracts

Section C: Foot Pad Tumors

  1. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE: Structure and function of the skin. In Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE: Muller and Kirk’s small animal dermatology, ed 6. Philadelphia, 2001, WB Saunders, p 1.
  2. Al-Bagdadi F: The integument. In Evans HE, Christensen GC (eds): Miller’s anatomy of the dog, ed 3. Philadelphia, 1993, WB Saunders, p 98.
  3. Hedlund CS: Surgery of the integumentary system. In Fossum TW, Hedlund CS, Johnson AL, et al: Small animal surgery, ed 3. St Louis, 2007, Mosby/Elsevier, p 256.
  4. Olsen D, Straw RC, Withrow SJ, et al: Digital pad transposition for replacement of the metacarpal or metatarsal pad in dogs, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:337, 1997. Medline abstracts
  5. Hutton WC, Freeman MAR, Swanson SAV: The forces exerted on the pads of the walking dog, J Small Anim Pract 10:71, 1969. Medline abstracts
  6. Swaim SF, Garret PD: Foot salvage techniques in dogs and cats: options, “do’s” and “don’ts,” J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 21:511, 1985.
  7. Neat BC, Smeak DD: Reconstructing weight-bearing surfaces: digital pad transposition, Compendium 29:39, 2007. Medline abstracts
  8. Schneck G: Large undifferentiated sarcoma of the foot pads of a cat, Feline Pract 6:19, 1976.
  9. Liu SM, Mikaelian I: Cutaneous smooth muscle tumors in the dog and cat, Vet Pathol 40:685, 2003. Medline abstracts
  10. Danielsson F: Lymphangioma in the metacarpal pad of a dog, J Small Anim Pract 39:295, 1998. Medline abstracts
  11. Kusters AH, Peperkamp KH, Hazewinkel HA: Atrichial sweat gland adenocarcinoma in the dog, Vet Derm 10:51, 1999.
  12. Kawabata A, Ando J, Yasuno K, et al: A canine case of mixed carcinoma of the sweat gland in the footpad, Jpn J Vet Derm 14:3, 2008.
  13. Besancon MF, Conzemius MG, Evan RB, et al: Distribution of vertical forces in the pads of Greyhounds and Labrador Retrievers during walking, Am J Vet Res 65:1497, 2004. Medline abstracts

Section D: Mast Cell Tumors

  1. O’Keefe DA, Couto CG, Burk-Schwartz C, et al: Systemic mastocytosis in 16 dogs, J Vet Intern Med 1:75, 1987. Medline abstracts
  2. Takahashi T, Kadosawa T, Nagase M, et al: Visceral mast cell tumor in dogs: 10 cases (1982-1997), J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:222, 2000. Medline abstracts
  3. Brodey RS: Canine and feline neoplasia, Adv Vet Sci Comp Med 14:309, 1970. Medline abstracts
  4. Priester WA: Skin tumors in domestic animals. Data from 12 United States and Canadian colleges of veterinary medicine, J Natl Cancer Inst 50:457, 1973. Medline abstracts
  5. Nielsen SW, Cole DR: Canine mastocytoma—a report of one hundred cases, Am J Vet Res 19:417, 1958. Medline abstracts
  6. Er JC, Sutton RH: A survey of skin neoplasms in dogs from the Brisbane region, Aust Vet J 66:225, 1989. Medline abstracts
  7. Rothwell TL, Howlett CR, Middleton DJ, et al: Skin neoplasms of dogs in Sydney, Aust Vet J 64:161, 1987. Medline abstracts
  8. Finnie JW, Bostock DE: Skin neoplasia in dogs, Aust Vet J 55:602, 1979. Medline abstracts
  9. Ladds PW Kraft H, Sokale A, et al: Neoplasms of the skin of dog in tropical Queensland, Aust Vet J 60:87, 1983. Medline abstracts
  10. Kaldrymidou H, Leontides L, Koutinas AF, et al: Prevalence, distribution and factors associated with the presence and the potential for malignancy on cutaneous neoplasms in 174 dogs admitted to a clinic in northern Greece, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 49:87, 2002. Medline abstracts
  11. Mukaratirwa S, Chipunza J, Chitanga S, et al: Canine cutaneous neoplasms: prevalence and influence of age, sex and sex on the presence and potential malignancy of cutaneous neoplasms in dogs from Zimbabwe, J S Afr Vet Assoc 76:59, 2005. Medline abstracts
  12. Mullins MN, Dernell WS, Withrow SJ, et al: Evaluation of prognostic factors associated with outcome in dogs with multiple cutaneous mast cell tumors treated with surgery with and without adjuvant treatment: 54 cases (1998-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 228:91, 2000.
  13. Peterson SL: Scar-associated canine mast cell tumor, Canine Pract 12:23, 1985.
  14. Peters JA: Canine mastocytoma: excess risk as related to ancestry, J Natl Cancer Inst 42:435, 1969. Medline abstracts
  15. Thamm DH, Mauldin EA, Vail DM: Prednisone and vinblastine chemotherapy for canine mast cell tumor—41 cases (1992-1997), J Vet Intern Med 13:491, 1999. Medline abstracts
  16. Murphy S, Sparkes AH, Blunden AS, et al: Effects of stage and number of tumours on prognosis of dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumours, Vet Rec 158:287, 2006. Medline abstracts
  17. Glickman LT, Glickman NW, Moore GE, et al: Safety profile of moxidectin (ProHeart 6) and two oral heartworm preventive in dogs, Intern J Appl Res Vet Med 3:49, 2005.
  18. Downing S, Chein MB, Kass PH, et al: Prevalence and importance of internal tandem duplication in exon 11 and 12 of c-kit in mast cell tumors of dogs, Am J Vet Res 63:1718, 2002. Medline abstracts
  19. Patniak AK, Ehler WJ, MacEwen EG: Canine cutaneous mast cell tumor: morphologic grading and survival time in 83 dogs, Vet Pathol 21:469, 1984. Medline abstracts
  20. Turrel JM, Kitchell BE, Miller LM, et al: Prognostic factors for radiation treatment of mast cell tumor in 85 dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 193:936, 1988. Medline abstracts
  21. Hottendorf GJ, Neilsen SW: Pathologic survey of 300 extirpated canine mastocytomas, Zentralbl Vet (A) 14:272, 1967. Medline abstracts
  22. Murphy S, Sparkes AH, Blunden AS, et al: Relationships between the histological grade of cutaneous mast cell tumours in dogs, their survival and the efficacy of surgical resection, Vet Rec 154:743, 2004. Medline abstracts
  23. Bookbinder PF, Butt MT, Harvey HJ: Determination of the number of mast cells in lymph node, bone marrow, and buffy coat cytology specimens from dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 200:1648, 1992. Medline abstracts
  24. Seguin B, Leibman NF, Bregazzi VS, et al: Clinical outcome of dogs with grade-II mast cell tumors treated with surgery alone: 55 cases (1996-1999), J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:1120, 2001. Medline abstracts
  25. Simpson AM, Ludwig LL, Newman SJ, et al: Evaluation of surgical margins required for complete excision of cutaneous mast cell tumors in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:236, 2004. Medline abstracts
  26. Scase TJ, Edwards D, Miller J, et al: Canine mast cell tumors: correlation of apoptosis and proliferation markers with prognosis, J Vet Intern Med 20:151, 2006. Medline abstracts
  27. Romansik EM, Reilly DM, Moore PF, et al: Mitotic index is predictive for survival for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors, Vet Pathol 44:355, 2007.
  28. Dobson J, Cohen S, Gould S: Treatment of canine mast cell tumors with prednisolone and radiotherapy, Vet Comp Oncol 2:132, 2004. Medline abstracts
  29. Frimberger AE, Moore AS, LaRue SM, et al: Radiotherapy of incompletely resected, moderately differentiated mast cell tumors in the dog:37 cases (1989-1993), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:320, 1997. Medline abstracts
  30. Davies DR, Wayatt KM, Jardine JE, et al: Vinblastine and prednisolone as adjunctive therapy for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 40:124, 2004. Medline abstracts
  31. Rassnick KM, Moore AS, Williams LE, et al: Treatment of canine mast cell tumors with CCNU (lomustine), J Vet Intern Med 13:601, 1999. Medline abstracts
  32. Henry CJ, Downing S, Rosenthal RS, et al: Evaluation of a novel immunomodulator composed of human chorionic gonadotropin and bacillus Calmette-Guerin for treatment of canine mast cell tumors in clinically affected dogs, Am J Vet Res 68:1246, 2007. Medline abstracts
  33. Miller MA, Nelson SL, Turk JR, et al: Cutaneous neoplasia in 340 cats, Vet Pathol 28:389, 1991. Medline abstracts
  34. Macy DW, Reynolds HA: The incidence, characteristics and clinical management of skin tumors of cats, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:1029, 1981.
  35. Cohen SJ, Koch F: Cutaneous mastocytosis with metastases in a domestic cat, Feline Pract 10:41, 1980.
  36. Molander-McCrary H, Henry CJ, Potter K, et al: Cutaneous mast cell tumor in cats: 32 cases (1991-1994), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 34:281, 1998. Medline abstracts
  37. Bell A, Mason K, Mitchell G, et al: Visceral and cutaneous mast cell neoplasia in a cat, Aust Vet Pract 24:86, 1994.
  38. Ogilvie GK, Moore AS: Feline oncology, ed 1. Trenton, 2001, Veterinary Learning Systems.
  39. Wilcock BP, Yager JA, Zink MC: The morphology and behavior of feline cutaneous mastocytomas, Vet Pathol 23:320, 1986. Medline abstracts
  40. Spangler WL, Culbertson MR: Prevalence and type of splenic diseases in cats: 455 cases (1985-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:773, 1992. Medline abstracts
  41. Bortnowski HB, Rosenthal RC: Gastrointestinal mast cell tumor and eosinophilia in two cats, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 28:271, 1992.

Section E: Soft-Tissue Sarcomas

  1. Clark MA, Fisher C, Judson I, et al: Soft-tissue sarcomas in adults, N Engl J Med 353:701, 2005. Medline abstracts
  2. Bostock DE, Dye MT: Prognosis after surgical excision of canine fibrous connective tissue sarcomas, Vet Pathol 17:581, 1980. Medline abstracts
  3. Block G, Clarke K, Salisbury SK, et al: Total laryngectomy and permanent tracheostomy for treatment of laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:510, 1995. Medline abstracts
  4. Kuntz CA, Dernell WS, Powers BE, et al: Prognostic factors for surgical treatment of soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs: 75 cases (1986-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 211:1147, 1997. Medline abstracts
  5. Selting KA, Powers BE, Thompson LJ, et al: Outcome of dogs with high-grade soft tissue sarcomas treated with and without adjuvant doxorubicin chemotherapy: 39 cases (1996-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 227:1442, 2005. Medline abstracts
  6. Baker-Gabb M, Hunt GB, France MP: Soft tissue sarcomas and mast cell tumours in dogs; clinical behaviour and response to surgery, Aust Vet J 81:732, 2003. Medline abstracts
  7. Morris JS, McInnes EF, Bostock DE, et al: Immunohistochemical and histopathologic features of 14 malignant fibrous histiocytomas from Flat-Coated Retrievers, Vet Pathol 39:473, 2002. Medline abstracts
  8. Morris JS, Bostock DE, McInnes EF, et al: Histopathological survey of neoplasms in flat-coated retrievers, 1990 to 1998, Vet Rec 147:291, 2000. Medline abstracts
  9. Dobson JM, Morris JS, Bostock DE, et al: Tumours in flat-coated Retrievers, Vet Rec 131:204, 1992.
  10. Kass PH, Spangler WL, Hendrick MJ, et al: Multicenter case-control study of risk factors associated with development of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:1283, 2003. Medline abstracts
  11. Kass PH, Barnes WG Jr, Spangler WL, et al: Epidemiologic evidence for a causal relation between vaccination and fibrosarcoma tumorigenesis in cats, J Am Vet Med Assoc 203:396, 1993. Medline abstracts
  12. Vascellari M, Melchiotti E, Bozza MA, et al: Fibrosarcomas at presumed sites of injection in dogs: characteristics and comparison with non-vaccination site fibrosarcomas and feline post-vaccinal fibrosarcomas, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 50:286, 2003. Medline abstracts
  13. Nasir L, Rutteman GR, Reid SWJ, et al: Analysis of p53 mutational events and MDM2 amplification in canine soft-tissue sarcomas, Cancer Lett 174:83, 2001. Medline abstracts
  14. Milne BS, Hoather T, O’Brien PCM, et al: Karyotype of canine soft tissue sarcomas: a multi-colour, multi-species approach to canine chromosome painting, Chromosome Res 12:825, 2004. Medline abstracts
  15. Stoica G, Tasca SI, Kim HT: Point mutation of neu oncogene in animal peripheral nerve sheath tumors, Vet Pathol 38:679, 2001. Medline abstracts
  16. Saunders JH, Poncelet L, Clercx C, et al: Probable trigeminal nerve schwannoma in a dog, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 39:539, 1998. Medline abstracts
  17. Pumarola M, Añor S, Borràs D, et al: Malignant epithelioid schwannoma affecting the trigeminal nerve of a dog, Vet Pathol 33:434, 1996. Medline abstracts
  18. Takiguchi M, Watanabe T, Okada H, et al: Rhabdomyosarcoma (botryoid sarcoma) of the urinary bladder in a Maltese, J Small Anim Pract 43:269, 2002. Medline abstracts
  19. Lascelles BDX, McInnes E, Dobson JM, et al: Rhabdomyosarcoma of the tongue in a dog, J Small Anim Pract 39:587, 1998. Medline abstracts
  20. Gonin-Jmaa D, Paulsen DB, Taboada J: Pericardial effusion in a dog with rhabdomyosarcoma in the right ventricular wall, J Small Anim Pract 37:193, 1996. Medline abstracts
  21. Kim DY, Hodgin EC, Cho DY, et al: Juvenile rhabdomyosarcomas in two dogs, Vet Pathol 33:447, 1996. Medline abstracts
  22. van Vechten M, Goldschmidt MH, Wortman JA: Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the urinary bladder in dogs, Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 12:783, 1990.
  23. Henderson RA, Powers RD, Perry L: Development of hypoparathyroidism after excision of laryngeal rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog, J Am Vet Med Assoc 198:639, 1991. Medline abstracts
  24. Ciekot PA, Powers BE, Withrow SJ, et al: Histologically low-grade, yet biologically high-grade, fibrosarcomas of the mandible and maxilla in dogs: 25 cases (1982-1991), J Am Vet Med Assoc 204:610, 1994. Medline abstracts
  25. Yamauchi A, Ohta T, Okada T, et al: Secondary erythrocytosis associated with schwannoma in a dog, J Vet Med Sci 66:1605, 2004. Medline abstracts
  26. Sato K, Hikasa Y, Morita T, et al: Secondary erythrocytosis associated with high plasma erythropoietin concentrations in a dog with cecal leiomyosarcoma, J Am Vet Med Assoc 220:486, 2002. Medline abstracts
  27. Couto CG, Boudrieau RJ, Zanjani ED: Tumor-associated erythrocytosis in a dog with nasal fibrosarcoma, J Vet Intern Med 3:183, 1989. Medline abstracts
  28. Hendrick MJ, Brooks JJ: Postvaccinal sarcomas in the cat: histology and immunohistochemistry, Vet Pathol 31:126, 1994. Medline abstracts
  29. Hendrick MJ: Feline fibrosarcoma: vaccine associated. In Bonagura JD (ed): Philadelphia, 2000, WB Saunders, pp 498-500.
  30. Nieto A, Sánchez MA, Martínez E, et al: Immunohistochemical expression of p53, fibroblast growth factor-β, and transforming growth factor-α in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas, Vet Pathol 40:651, 2003. Medline abstracts
  31. Couto SS, Griffey SM, Duarte PC, et al: Feline vaccine-associated fibrosarcoma: morphologic distinctions, Vet Pathol 39:33, 2002. Medline abstracts
  32. Johnson GC: Genesis and pathology of tumours of the nervous system, Semin Vet Med Surg (Small Anim) 5:210, 1990. Medline abstracts
  33. Mazzei M, Millanta F, Citi S, et al: Haemangiopericytoma: histological spectrum, immunohistochemical characterization and prognosis, Vet Dermatol 13:15, 2002. Medline abstracts
  34. Stockhaus C, Schoon HA, Grevel V, et al: The value of cytology in the diagnosis of soft tissue sarcoma in the dog and cat, Tierärztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere 31:148, 2003.
  35. Chalita MCC, Matera JM, Alves MT, et al: Canine skin and soft tissue tumors—clinical and cytohistological study, Rev Educ Contin CRMV-SP 5:171, 2002.
  36. Banks T, Straw R, Thomson M, et al: Soft tissue sarcomas in dogs: a study assessing surgical margin, tumour grade and clinical outcome, Aust Vet Pract 34:142, 2004.
  37. McKnight JA, Mauldin GN, McEntee MC, et al: Radiation treatment for incompletely resected soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 217:205, 2000. Medline abstracts
  38. Forrest LJ, Chun R, Adams WM, et al: Postoperative radiotherapy for canine soft tissue sarcoma, J Vet Intern Med 14:578, 2000. Medline abstracts
  39. Bacon NJ, Dernell WS, Ehrhart N, et al: Evaluation of primary re-excision after recent inadequate resection of soft tissue sarcoma in dogs: 41 cases (1999-2004), J Am Vet Med Assoc 230:548, 2007. Medline abstracts
  40. Stojadinovic A, Jaques DP, Leung DH, et al: Amputation for recurrent soft tissue sarcoma of the extremity: indications and outcome, Ann Surg Oncol 8:509, 2001. Medline abstracts
  41. Bregazzi VS, LaRue SM, McNiel E, et al: Treatment with a combination of doxorubicin, surgery, and radiation versus surgery and radiation alone for cats with vaccine-associated sarcomas: 25 cases (1995-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 218:547, 2001. Medline abstracts
  42. Cohen M, Wright JC, Brawner WR, et al: Use of surgery and electron beam irradiation, with or without chemotherapy, for treatment of vaccine-associated sarcomas in cats: 78 cases (1996-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 219:1582, 2001. Medline abstracts
  43. Hahn KA, Endicott MM, King GK, Harris-King FD: Evaluation of radiotherapy alone or in combination with doxorubicin chemotherapy for the treatment of cats with incompletely excised soft tissue sarcomas: 71 cases (1989-1999), J Am Vet Med Assoc 231:742, 2007. Medline abstracts
  44. Adjuvant chemotherapy for localised resectable soft tissue sarcoma in adults. Sarcoma Meta-analysis Collaboration (SMAC), Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD001419, 2000.
  45. Payne SE, Rassnick KM, Northrup NC, et al: Treatment of vascular and soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs using an alternating protocol of ifosfamide and doxorubicin, Vet Comp Oncol 1:171, 2003. Medline abstracts
  46. Barber LG, Sorenmo KU, Cronin KL, et al: Combined doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy for nonresectable feline fibrosarcoma, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 36:416, 2000. Medline abstracts
  47. Bramwell VH, Anderson D, Charette ML, et al: Doxorubicin-based chemotherapy for the palliative treatment of adult patients with locally advanced or metastatic soft tissue sarcoma, Cochrane Database Syst Rev CD003293, 2003. Medline abstracts
  48. McCarter MD, Jaques DP, Brennan MF: Randomized clinical trials in soft tissue sarcoma, Surg Oncol Clin North Am 11:11, 2002. Medline abstracts
  49. Hershey AE, Sorenmo KU, Hendrick MJ, et al: Prognosis for presumed feline vaccine-associated sarcoma after excision: 61 cases (1986-1996), J Am Vet Med Assoc 216:58, 2000. Medline abstracts
  50. Poirier VJ, Thamm DH, Kurzman ID, et al: Liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin (Doxil) and doxorubicin in the treatment of vaccine-associated sarcoma in cats, J Vet Intern Med 16:726, 2002. Medline abstracts
  51. Ogilvie GK, Reynolds HA, Richardson RC, et al: Phase II evaluation of doxorubicin for treatment of various canine neoplasms, J Am Vet Med Assoc 195:1580, 1989. Medline abstracts
  52. Mir LM, Devauchelle P, Quintin-Colonna F, et al: First clinical trial of cat soft-tissue sarcomas treatment by electrochemotherapy, Br J Cancer 76:1617, 1997. Medline abstracts
  53. Spugnini EP, Vincenzi B, Citro G, et al: Adjuvant electrochemotherapy for the treatment of incompletely excised spontaneous canine sarcomas, In Vivo 21:819, 2007. Medline abstracts
  54. Spugnini EP, Baldi A, Vincenzi B, et al: Intraoperative versus postoperative electrochemotherapy in high grade soft tissue sarcomas: a preliminary study in a spontaneous feline model, Cancer Chemother & Pharmacol 59:375, 2007. Medline abstracts
  55. Graves GM, Bjorling DE, Mahaffey E: Canine hemangiopericytoma: 23 cases (1967-1984), J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:99, 1988. Medline abstracts
  56. Postorino NC, Berg RJ, Powers BE, et al: Prognostic variables for canine hemangiopericytoma: 50 cases (1979-1984), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 24:501, 1988.
  57. Baez JL, Hendrick MJ, Shofer FS, et al: Liposarcomas in dogs: 56 cases (1989-2000), J Am Vet Med Assoc 224:887, 2004. Medline abstracts
  58. Brehm DM, Vite CH, Steinberg HS, et al: A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in the dog, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31:349, 1995. Medline abstracts
  59. Ward H, Fox LE, Calderwood-Mays MB, et al: Cutaneous hemangiosarcoma in 25 dogs: a retrospective study, J Vet Intern Med 8:345, 1994. Medline abstracts
  60. Ehrhart NE. Soft-tissue sarcomas in dogs: a review. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 41:241, 2005. Medline abstracts
  61. Heller DA, Stebbins ME, Reynolds TL, et al: A retrospective study of 87 cases of canine soft tissue sarcomas, 1986-2001, Int J Appl Res Vet Med 3:81, 2005.
  62. Levy MS, Kapatkin AS, Patnaik AK, et al: Spinal tumors in 37 dogs: clinical outcome and long-term survival (1987-1994), J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:307, 1997. Medline abstracts

Section F: Histiocytic Diseases

  1. Moore PF, Affolter V, Olivry T, et al: The use of immunological reagents in defining the pathogenesis of canine skin disease involving proliferation of leukocytes. In Kwochka KW, Wilemse T, von Tscharner C (eds): Advances in veterinary dermatology. Oxford, 1998, Butterworth-Heinemann, pp 77-94.
  2. Glick AD, Holscher M, Campbell GR: Canine cutaneous histiocytoma: ultrastructural and cytochemical observations, Vet Pathol 13:374, 1976. Medline abstracts
  3. Kelly DF: Canine cutaneous histiocytoma: a light and microscopic study, Vet Pathol 7:12, 1970.
  4. Moore PF, Schrenzel MD, Affolter VK, et al: Canine cutaneous histiocytoma is an epidermotropic Langerhans cell histiocytosis that expresses CD1 and specific beta 2-integrin molecules, Am J Pathol 148:1699, 1996. Medline abstracts
  5. Risbon RE, Clifford CA, Skorupski K: An overview of canine histiocytic disorders, Vet Med 102:464, 2007.
  6. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE: Lymphohistiocytic neoplasms. In Muller and Kirk’s small animal dermatology. Philadelphia, 2000, WB Saunders, pp 1130-1357.
  7. Bender WM, Muller GH: Multiple, resolving cutaneous histiocytomas in a dog. J Am Vet Med Assoc 194:535, 1989. Medline abstracts
  8. LeBlanc C, LeBlanc A: Cytologic diagnosis and treatment of common round cell tumors, ACVIM Proceedings Louisville, KY, 2006 (abstract).
  9. Nagata M, Hirata M, Ishida T, et al: Progressive Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis in a puppy, Vet Dermatol 11:241, 2000.
  10. Marchal T, Dezutter-Dambuyant C, Fournel C, et al: Immunophenotypic and ultrastructural evidence of the Langerhans cell origin of the canine cutaneous histiocytoma, Acta Anat (Basel) 153:189, 1995. Medline abstracts
  11. Ogilvie GK, Moore AS: Tumors of the body cavities. In Managing the canine cancer patient: a practical guide to compassionate care. Yardley, PA, 2006, Veterinary Learning Systems, pp 603-619.
  12. Scott DW, Miller WH, Griffin CE (eds): Neoplastic and non-neoplastic tumors. In Muller and Kirk’s small animal dermatology, ed 6. Philadelphia, 2001, WB Saunders, pp 1346-1357.
  13. Bonagura JD (ed): Canine cutaneous histiocytic diseases. In Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIII. Philadelphia, 2000, WB Saunders, pp 588-591.
  14. Mays MB, Bergeron JA: Cutaneous histiocytosis in dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:377, 1986. Medline abstracts
  15. Affolter VK, Moore PF: Canine cutaneous and systemic histiocytosis of dermal and dendritic origin, Am J Dermatopathol 22:40, 2000. Medline abstracts
  16. Palmiero BS, Morris DO, Goldschmidt MH, Mauldin EA: Cutaneous reactive histiocytosis in dogs: a retrospective evaluation of 32 cases, Vet Dermatol 18(5):332, 2007.
  17. Gross TL, Ihrke PJ, Walder EJ: Veterinary dermatopathology: a macroscopic and microscopic evaluation of canine and feline skin disease. St Louis, 1992, Mosby–Year Book, pp 162-168.
  18. Yager JA, Wilcock BP: Color atlas and text of surgical pathology of the dog and cat: dermatopathology and skin tumors. London, 1994, M. Wolfe, p 320.
  19. Angus JC, de Lorimier LP: Lymphohistiocytic neoplasms. In Campbell KL (ed): Small animal dermatology secrets. Philadelphia, 2004, Hanley & Belfus, pp 425-442.
  20. Scott DW, Angarano DK, Suter MM: Systemic histiocytosis in 2 dogs, Canine Pract 14:7, 1987.
  21. DeHeer HL, Grindem CB: Histiocytic disorders. In Jain NC (ed): Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 4. Philadelphia, 1986, Lea & Febiger, pp 696-702.
  22. Moore PF: Systemic histiocytosis of Bernese mountain dogs, Vet Pathol 21:554, 1984. Medline abstracts
  23. Scherlie PH, Smedes SL, Feltz T, et al: Ocular manifestations of systemic histiocytosis in a dog, J Am Vet Med Assoc 201:1229, 1992. Medline abstracts
  24. Kaiser HE: Animal neoplasms: a systemic review. In Kaiser HE (ed): Neoplasms—comparative pathology in animals, plants, and man. Baltimore, 1981, William & Wilkins, pp 747-812.
  25. Affolter VK, Moore PF: Localized and disseminated histiocytic sarcoma of dendritic cell origin in dogs, Vet Pathol 39:74, 2002. Medline abstracts
  26. Hayden DW, Waters DJ, Burke BA, et al: Disseminated malignant histiocytosis in a Golden Retriever: clinicopathologic, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical findings, Vet Pathol 30:256, 1993. Medline abstracts
  27. Moore PF: Malignant histiocytosis of Bernese mountain dogs, Vet Pathol 23:1, 1986. Medline abstracts
  28. Ramsey IK, McKay JS, Rudorf H, et al: Malignant histiocytosis in three Bernese Mountain Dogs, Vet Rec 138:440, 1996. Medline abstracts
  29. Rosin A, Moore P, Dubielzig R: Malignant histiocytosis in Bernese Mountain dogs, J Am Vet Med Assoc 188:1041, 1986. Medline abstracts
  30. Kohn B, Arnold P, Kaser-Hotz B, et al: Malignant histiocytosis of the dog: 26 cases (1989-1992), Kleintierpraxis 38:409, 1993.
  31. Fant P, Caldin M, Furlanello T, et al: Primary gastric histiocytic sarcoma in a dog—a case report, J Vet Med A Physiol Pathol Clin Med 51:358, 2004. Medline abstracts
  32. Craig LE, Julian ME, Ferracone JD: The diagnosis and prognosis of synovial tumors in dogs: 35 cases, Vet Pathol 39:66, 2002. Medline abstracts
  33. Skorupski KA, Clifford CA, Paoloni MC, et al: CCNU for the treatment of dogs with histiocytic sarcoma, J Vet Intern Med 21:121, 2007. Medline abstracts
  34. Fidel J, Schiller I, Hauser B, et al: Histiocytic sarcomas in flat-coated retrievers: a summary of 37 cases (November 1998-March 2005), Vet Comp Oncol 4:63, 2006. Medline abstracts
  35. Moore PF, Affolter VK, Vernau W: Canine hemophagocytic histiocytic sarcoma: a proliferative disorder of CD11d+ macrophages, Vet Pathol 43:632, 2006. Medline abstracts
  36. Cruz-Arambulo R, Wrigley R, Powers B: Sonographic features of histiocytic neoplasms in the canine abdomen, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 45:554, 2004. Medline abstracts
  37. Vail DM, Kravis LD, Cooley AJ, et al: Preclinical trial of doxorubicin entrapped in sterically stabilized liposomes in dogs with spontaneously arising malignant tumors, Cancer Chemother & Pharmacol 39:410, 1997.
  38. Poirier VJ, Hershey AE, Burgess KE, et al: Efficacy and toxicity of paclitaxel (Taxol) for the treatment of canine malignant tumors, J Vet Intern Med 18:219, 2004. Medline abstracts
  39. Uno Y, Momio Y, Watari T, et al: Malignant histiocytosis with multiple skin lesions in a dog, J Vet Med Sci 55:1059, 1993. Medline abstracts
  40. Vernau KM, Higgins RJ, Bollen AW, et al: Primary canine and feline nervous system tumors: intraoperative diagnosis using the smear technique, Vet Pathol 38:47 2001.
  41. Walton RM, Brown DE, Burkhard MJ, et al: Malignant histiocytosis in a domestic cat: cytomorphologic and immunohistochemical features, Vet Clin Pathol 26:56, 1997. Medline abstracts
  42. Kraje AC, Patton CS, Edwards DF: Malignant histiocytosis in 3 cats, J Vet Intern Med 15:252, 2001.
  43. Smoliga J, Schatzberg S, Peters J, et al: Myelopathy caused by a histiocytic sarcoma in a cat, J Small Anim Pract 46:34, 2005. Medline abstracts
  44. Bell R, Philbey AW, Martineau H, et al: Dynamic tracheal collapse associated with disseminated histiocytic sarcoma in a cat, J Small Anim Pract 47:461, 2006. Medline abstracts
  45. Pinard J, Wagg CR, Girard C, et al: Histiocytic sarcoma in the tarsus of a cat, Vet Pathol 43:1014, 2006.
  46. Gregory CR: Immunosuppressive agents. In Bonagura JD (ed): Kirk’s current veterinary therapy XIII. Philadelphia, 2000, WB Saunders, pp 509-513.
  47. Plumb DC: Plumb’s veterinary drug handbook, ed 5. Ames, IA, 2005, Blackwell Publishing.

Section G: Perianal and Anal Sac Tumors

  1. Nielsen SW, Attosmis J: Canine perianal gland tumors, J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:127, 1964. Medline abstracts
  2. Withrow SJ: Perianal tumors. In Withrow SJ, MacEwen EG (eds): Small animal clinical oncology, ed 3. Philadelphia, 2001, WB Saunders.
  3. Dow SW, Olson PN, Rosychuk RA, Withrow SJ: Perianal adenomas and hypertestosteronemia in a spayed bitch with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, J Am Vet Med Assoc 192:1439, 1988. Medline abstracts
  4. Wilson GP, Hayes HM: Castration for treatment of perianal gland neoplasms in the dog, J Am Vet Med Assoc 174:1301, 1979. Medline abstracts
  5. Vail DM, Withrow SJ, Schwarz PD, Powers BE: Perianal adenocarcinoma in the canine male: a retrospective study of 41 cases, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 26:329, 1990.
  6. Hayes HM, Wilson GP: Hormone-dependent neoplasms of the canine perianal gland, Cancer Res 37:2068, 1977. Medline abstracts
  7. Pisani G, Millanta F, Lorenzi D, et al: Androgen receptor expression in normal, hyperplastic and neoplastic hepatoid glands in the dog, Res Vet Sci 81:231, 2006. Medline abstracts
  8. Goldschmidt MH, Hendrick MJ: Tumors of the skin and soft tissues. In Meuten DJ (ed): Tumors in domestic animals, ed 4. Ames, IA, 2002, Iowa State University Press.
  9. Goldschmidt MH, Shofer FS: Anal sac gland tumors. In Goldschmidt MH (ed): Skin tumors of the dog and cat, ed 1. New York, 1992, Pergamon Press.
  10. Berrocal A, Vos JH, van den Ingh TS, et al: Canine perineal tumors, Zentralbl Veterinarmed A 36:739, 1989. Medline abstracts
  11. Bennett PF, DeNicola DB, Bonney P, et al: Canine anal sac adenocarcinomas: clinical presentation and response to therapy, J Vet Intern Med 16:100, 2002. Medline abstracts
  12. Williams LE, Gliatto JM, Dodge RK, et al: Carcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: 113 cases (1985-1995), J Am Vet Med Assoc 223:825, 2003. Medline abstracts
  13. Emms SG: Anal sac tumours of the dog and their response to cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy, Aust Vet J 83:340, 2005. Medline abstracts
  14. Chun R, Jakovljevic S, Morrison WB, et al: Apocrine gland adenocarcinoma and pheochromocytoma in a cat, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33:33, 1997. Medline abstracts
  15. Mellanby RJ, Foale R, Friend E, et al: Anal sac adenocarcinoma in a Siamese cat, J Feline Med Surg 4:205, 2002.
  16. Wilson JE, Brown DE: Malignant perianal gland tumor with metastasis in a dog, J Am Vet Med Assoc 144:389, 1964. Medline abstracts
  17. Goldschmidt MH, Zoltowski C: Anal sac gland adenocarcinoma in the dog: 14 cases, J Small Anim Pract 22:119, 1981. Medline abstracts
  18. Ross JT, Scavelli TD, Matthiesen DT, Patnaik AK: Adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glands of the anal sac in dogs: a review of 32 cases, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 27:349, 1991.
  19. Hause WR, Stevenson S, Meuten DJ, Capen CC: Pseudohyperparathyroidism associated with adenocarcinomas of anal sac origin in four dogs, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 17:373, 1981.
  20. Rosol TJ, Capen CC, Danks JA, et al: Identification of parathyroid hormone-related protein in canine apocrine adenocarcinoma of the anal sac, Vet Pathol 27:89, 1990. Medline abstracts
  21. Rosol TJ, Nagode LA, Couto CG, et al: Parathyroid hormone (PTH)-related protein, PTH, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in dogs with cancer-associated hypercalcemia, Endocrinology 131:1157, 1992. Medline abstracts
  22. Esplin DG, Wilson SR, Hullinger GA: Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal sac in five dogs, Vet Pathol 40:332, 2003. Medline abstracts
  23. Kim DY, Mauldin GE, Hosgood G, Cho DY: Perianal malignant melanoma in a dog, Vet Intern Med 19:610, 2005.
  24. Batamuzi EK, Bittegeko SB: Anal and perianal transmissible venereal tumour in a bitch, Vet Rec 129:556, 1991. Medline abstracts
  25. Ueno H, Kadosawa T, Isomura H, et al: Perianal rhabdomyosarcoma in a dog, J Small Anim Pract 43:217, 2002.
  26. Brisson BA, Whiteside DP, Holmberg DL: Metastatic anal sac adenocarcinoma in a dog presenting for acute paralysis, Can Vet J 45:678, 2004. Medline abstracts
  27. Liska WD, Withrow SJ: Cryosurgical treatment of perianal gland adenomas in the dog, J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 14:457, 1978.
  28. Morgan JP, Carlson WD: X-irradiation of perianal gland neoplasms in the dog, J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:1227, 1963.
  29. Anderson CR, McNiel EA, Gillette EL, et al: Late complications of pelvic irradiation in 16 dogs, Vet Radiol Ultrasound 43:187, 2002. Medline abstracts
  30. Hobson HP, Brown MR, Rogers KS: Surgery of metastatic anal sac adenocarcinoma in five dogs, Vet Surg 35:267, 2006. Medline abstracts
  31. Polton GA, Brearley MJ: Clinical stage, therapy and prognosis in canine anal sac gland carcinoma, Vet Intern Med 21:274, 2007.